Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity

To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

减氮控水对日光温室番茄-小型西瓜产量、品质及氮素利用的影响

研究日光温室滴灌施肥条件下,不同水肥组合对作物产量、品质和氮素利用的影响,综合评价优化水肥和常规水肥管理的调控效应。田间试验设置4个水氮处理,包括不施氮+常规灌溉(N_0+FI)、常规施氮+常规灌溉(FT+FI)、优化施氮+常规灌溉(OPT+FI)、优化施氮+优化灌溉(OPT+OI)。测定不同处理下秋冬茬番茄-春茬小型西瓜的产量、品质以及根、茎、叶、果实氮素吸收量。结果表明:优化水氮处理(OPT+OI)番茄产量和果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸和Vc含量与农户常规水氮处理(FT+FI)无显著差异,但番茄果实的硝酸盐含量降低了66.3%(P0.05);灌溉量相同时,减氮40%处理(OPT+FI)的小型西瓜产量相比常规施氮处理(FT+FI)提高了13.1%;OPT+OI处理果实的可溶性糖、可滴定酸和Vc含量较对照处理(N_0+FI)均显著提高。不同水肥处理下,两季作物氮在各器官的累积量均表现为果实叶茎根。随着番茄的生长,果实和茎的氮素携出量占总携出量的比例分别由62.4%和5.9%增加至67.1%和6.3%,而根和叶中氮素携出量降低,OPT+OI处理果实氮素携出所占比例增量最大,促进了营养器官中的氮素向果实中转运。在当前日光温室栽培条件下,适当优化施氮量和灌溉量既可以保证作物产量和氮素吸收,同时提高果实的品质。     

松嫩草原盐碱土细菌多样性分析

以松嫩盐碱草原3种不同盐碱程度的盐碱土为材料,应用高通量测序技术,研究了3种不同程度盐碱土壤的细菌群落结构。结果表明:3种盐碱土的理化性质差异显著(P0.05),pH值、碱化度随着盐碱化程度增加而增大,而碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量随着盐碱化程度增加而降低;3种盐碱土共获得2841个OTU,分属于39个细菌门,其中酸杆菌门、变形菌门等10个菌门是盐碱土中最主要的细菌门类;轻度盐碱土中酸杆菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为32.28%,中度盐碱土中变形菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为19.87%,重度盐碱土中放线菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为22.57%;RDA分析表明,酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、广古菌门、TM7等的相对丰度与碱解氮、有机质以及速效钾含量呈正相关,疣微菌门的相对丰度与有效磷含量呈正相关,放线菌门、浮霉菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度与pH值、碱化度呈正相关。     

有机肥对酿酒葡萄土壤微生物、酶活性及产量的影响

为明确施用不同有机肥对土壤有机质、酶活性和微生物以及酿酒葡萄产量的影响,采用田间小区设计,以5 a生赤霞珠酿酒葡萄为试验材料,研究不同有机肥对土层0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm中土壤有机质、酶活性和微生物的影响。以不施用有机肥为对照(CK),设置沼渣(BR)、羊粪有机肥(SMOF)、牛粪有机肥(CMOF)、猪粪有机肥(PMOF)、牛粪+沼渣有机肥(CMOF+BR)5个处理进行大田试验。结果表明:不同有机肥施用后与CK相比,土壤有机质增加6.79%～44.97%,土壤微生物碳增加19.78%～91.53%,微生物氮增加2.22倍～3.93倍,碱性磷酸酶增加57.78%～512.55%,过氧化氢酶增加53.45%～240.48%,增产15.12%～46.89%。不同土层施用牛粪有机肥相对于其它有机肥处理土壤有机质含量增长8.49%～33.29%;土壤中微生物碳、氮的含量分别增加5.30%～42.46%和6.12%～49.65%;碱性磷酸酶增大8.01%～184.63%,过氧化氢酶增加5.14%～84.27%,脲酶提高25.58%～410.70%,蔗糖酶升高6.00%～107.65%;微生物总数增多5.99%～56.56%。施用牛粪有机肥相比较其它有机肥增产7.08%～27.60%。说明在宁夏地区施用有机肥可有效提高土壤有机质的含量,增加微生物的数量,增加土壤酶活性,促进酿酒葡萄的生长发育,提高产量,其中以牛粪效果最为显著。     

河套灌区盐渍化土壤玉米水氮耦合效应

为了探求适用于盐渍化地区的节水、施肥优化模式，采用大田试验，以玉米为研究对象，选取了轻度和中度两种盐分土壤，设置了10种不同水、氮处理，建立不同盐分土壤玉米产量与灌水量及施氮量之间的回归模型并对其进行了分析，研究不同盐分土壤水、氮用量对玉米产量的影响。结果表明：在轻度和中度盐分土壤条件下，灌水和施氮对玉米均有增产效应，水、氮交互作用为正效应，水分的作用大于施氮的作用。通过边际效应分析可知，轻度和中度盐分土壤施氮肥的增产速率没有明显差异，轻度盐分土壤灌水的增产效率明显高于中度盐分土壤。轻度和中度盐分土壤玉米最高产量分别为13 581 kg·hm^-2和11 115 kg·hm^-2，对应的水、氮配比均为灌水编码为0.77（全生育期灌水量2 250 m³·hm^-2），施氮编码为0.69（总施氮量225 kg·hm^-2）。通过模型寻优，得到轻度和中度盐分土壤种植玉米的最佳水、氮配比方案均为全生育期灌水量为1 900.95~2 389.08m³·hm^-2，总施氮量为174.04~240.7 kg·hm^-2。优化方案的水、氮用量分别比当地灌水量（2 925 m³·hm^-2）节水18.2%~35%, 施氮量（325 kg·hm^-2）节肥26.0%~46.4%。优化范围包含了轻度和中度盐分的最高产量水、氮用量，产量与当地产量基本一致，符合当地灌水施肥要求。但从维持目前玉米产量和长期盐碱地改良的角度看，建议中度盐化土壤应选取水、氮优化范围中中等偏上灌水量和中等偏下的施肥量，以便于从根本上降低土壤盐分背景值，便于长期产量的提高；轻度盐分土壤选取优化范围适中的水、氮用量。     

山西南部苹果花期冻害时空分布特征及综合防御技术

利用1997—2016年山西南部苹果主产县(市、区)苹果花期逐日最低气温及日平均气温观测资料，根据苹果花期冻害等级划分指标，采用最小二乘法对花期冻害日数进行线性倾向估计，并用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法对花期冻害日数的变化趋势进行显著性检验，分析山西南部苹果花期冻害的时空分布特征。结果表明: 山西省南部苹果产区发生花期冻害日数年均为3.1 d，各县花期均温介于13.0℃~13.8℃之间。运城地区4月中上旬易发生冻害，临汾地区吉县与隰县4月下旬易发生冻害；山西南部苹果花期冻害日数近20 a气候倾向率为-0.666 d·（10 a）^-1（P≤0.01），花期极端最低气温气候倾向率为0.165 d·（10 a）^-1（P≤0.01），花期极端最低气温与冻害日数具有极显著负相关关系。山西南部苹果花期冻害日数突变点在2008年，且在2015年之后苹果花期冻害日数突破α=0.05显著性水平下限。对于苹果花期冻害的综合防御措施，可采用“以防为主，抗补结合”策略。     

异硫氰酸丙烯酯毒杀松材线虫作用机制初步研究

对异硫氰酸丙烯酯毒杀松材线虫作用机制进行了初步研究。测定了其对线虫虫体形态、运动行为、体内总糖和蛋白质含量的影响,以及处理前后线虫体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性变化。结果表明:经异硫氰酸丙烯酯处理后的松材线虫虫体形态严重扭曲,运动形态出现由正常的S形变化为多节弯曲和螺旋状卷曲等异常状况,线虫行动随时间的推移变得迟缓,最终呈C形、新月形或直接死亡。随着异硫氰酸丙烯酯处理质量浓度的增大,线虫体内总糖和蛋白质含量显著上升,糖和蛋白质的代谢发生紊乱;线虫体内CAT、AChE和GST活性显著降低,且均低于对照组,表明线虫体内氧化和抗氧化作用失衡;细胞受到极大的影响,神经系统遭到破坏,解毒能力明显降低。研究结果可为研究利用异硫氰酸丙烯酯作为植物源杀线虫剂提供依据。